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American Museum of Natural History

Established

1869

Location

Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY

Type

Natural History

Visitor figures

About 4 million visits annually

Director

Ellen V. Futter

Public transit access

B, C, M7, M10, M11, M79, 81st Streetuseum of Natural History (IND Eighth Avenue Line)

Website

http://www.amnh.org



Main Lobby in the Theodore Roosevelt Memorial. This vast space overlooks Central Park

The American Museum of Natural History (AMNH), located on the Upper West Side, Manhattan, New York, USA, is one of the largest and most celebrated museums in the world. Located in park-like grounds, the Museum comprises 25 interconnected buildings that house 46 permanent exhibition halls, research laboratories, and its renowned library.

The collections contain over 32 million specimens, of which only a small fraction can be displayed at any given time. The Museum has a scientific staff of more than 200, and sponsors over 100 special field expeditions each year.

Contents

1 History

1.1 Library

2 Features

2.1 Human Biology and Evolution

2.2 Halls of Minerals and Gems

2.3 Hall of Meteorites

2.4 Fossil Halls

2.5 The Art of the Diorama: Recreating Nature

2.6 Rose Center and Planetarium

2.7 New York Times Capsule

3 Access

4 In popular culture

5 Images

6 See also

7 References

8 External links

//


History

The Museum was founded in 1869. Prior to construction of the present complex, the Museum was housed in the older Arsenal building in Central Park. Theodore Roosevelt, Sr., the father of the 26th U.S. President, was one of the founders along with John David Wolfe, William T. Blodgett, Robert L. Stuart, Andrew H. Green, Robert Colgate, Morris K. Jesup, Benjamin H. Field, D. Jackson Steward, Richard M. Blatchford, J. Pierpont Morgan, Adrian Iselin, Moses H. Grinnell, Benjamin B. Sherman, A. G. Phelps Dodge, William A. Haines, Charles A. Dana, Joseph H. Choate, Henry G. Stebbins, Henry Parish, and Howard Potter. The founding of the Museum realized the dream of naturalist Dr. Albert S. Bickmore. Bickmore, a one-time student of Harvard zoologist Louis Agassiz, lobbied tirelessly for years for the establishment of a natural history museum in New York. His proposal, backed by his powerful sponsors, won the support of the Governor of New York, John Thompson Hoffman, who signed a bill officially creating the American Museum of Natural History on April 6, 1869.



The Museum’s south range, by J. Cleaveland Cady, (photo c. 1900-10)

In 1874, the cornerstone was laid for the Museum’s first building, which is now hidden from view by the many buildings in the complex that today occupy most of Manhattan Square. The original Victorian Gothic building, which was opened in 1877, was designed by Calvert Vaux and J. Wrey Mould, both already closely identified with the architecture of Central Park.:19-20 It was soon eclipsed by the south range of the Museum, designed by J. Cleaveland Cady, an exercise in rusticated brownstone neo-Romanesque, influenced by H. H. Richardson. It extends 700feet (210m) along West 77th Street, with corner towers 150feet (46m) tall. Its pink brownstone and granite, similar to that found at Grindstone Island in the St. Lawrence River, came from quarries at Picton Island, New York. The entrance on Central Park West, the New York State Memorial to Theodore Roosevelt, completed by John Russell Pope in 1936, is an overscaled Beaux-Arts monument. It leads to a vast Roman basilica, where visitors are greeted with a cast of a skeleton of a rearing Barosaurus defending her young from an Allosaurus. The Museum is also accessible through its 77th street foyer, renamed the “Grand Gallery” and featuring a fully suspended Haida canoe. The hall leads into the oldest extant exhibit in the Museum, the hall of Northwest Coast Indians.

Since 1930, little has been added to the original building. The Museum’s south front, spanning 77th Street from Central Park West to Columbus Avenue is currently being cleaned and repaired and is scheduled to re-emerge in 2009. Steven Reichl, a spokesman for the Museum, said that work would include restoring 650 black-cherry window frames and stone repairs. The Museum consultant on the latest renovation is Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates, Inc., an architectural and engineering firm with headquarters in Northbrook, IL.

Famous names associated with the Museum include the paleontologist and geologist Henry Fairfield Osborn, president for many years; the dinosaur-hunter of the Gobi Desert, Roy Chapman Andrews (one of the inspirations for Indiana Jones);:97-8 George Gaylord Simpson; biologist Ernst Mayr; pioneer cultural anthropologists Franz Boas and Margaret Mead; and ornithologist Robert Cushman Murphy. J. P. Morgan was also among the famous benefactors of the Museum. The philanthropist Harry Payne Whitney financed the Whitney South Seas Expedition (1920-1932) for the Museum, greatly expanding its collection of biological and anthropological specimens from the south-west Pacific region.

Library

From its founding in 1880, the Library of the American Museum of Natural History has grown into one of the world’s great natural history collections. In its early years, the Library expanded its collection mostly through such gifts as the John C. Jay conchological library, the Carson Brevoort library on fishes and general zoology, the ornithological library of Daniel Giraud Elliot, the Harry Edwards entomological library, the Hugh Jewett collection of voyages and travel and the Jules Marcou geology collection. In 1903 the American Ethnological Society deposited its library in the Museum and in 1905 the New York Academy of Sciences followed suit by transferring its collection of 10,000 volumes. Today, the Library’s collections contain over 450,000 volumes of monographs, serials, pamphlets, reprints, microforms, and original illustrations, as well as film, photographic, archives and manuscripts, fine art, memorabilia and rare book collections. The Library collects materials covering such subjects as mammalogy, geology, anthropology, entomology, herpetology, ichthyology, paleontology, ethology, ornithology, mineralogy, invertebrates, systematics, ecology, oceanography, conchology, exploration and travel, history of science, museology, bibliography, and peripheral biological sciences. The collection is rich in retrospective materials some going back to the 15th century that are difficult to find elsewhere.

Features



Model of a Blue Whale in the Milstein Family Hall of Ocean Life

The Museum boasts habitat dioramas of African, Asian and North American mammals, a full-size model of a Blue Whale suspended in the Milstein Family Hall of Ocean Life (reopened in 2003), a 62foot(19m) Haida carved and painted war canoe from the Pacific Northwest, a massive 34 ton piece of the Cape York meteorite, and the “Star of India”, the largest star sapphire in the world. The circuit of an entire floor is devoted to vertebrate evolution.

The Museum has extensive anthropological collections: Asian Peoples, Pacific Peoples, Man in Africa, Native Americans in the United States collections, general Native American collections, and collections from Mexico and Central America.

The Hayden Planetarium, connected to the Museum, is now part of the Rose Center for Earth and Space, housed in a glass cube containing the spherical Space Theater, designed by James Stewart Polshek. The Heilbrun Cosmic Pathway is one of the more popular exhibits in the Rose Center, which opened February 19, 2000.

Human Biology and Evolution



The 77th street entrance to the Museum

The Bernard and Anne Spitzer Hall of Human…

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Figure 1 – Venturi scrubber

A venturi scrubber is designed to effectively use the energy from the inlet gas stream to atomize the liquid being used to scrub the gas stream. This type of technology is a part of the group of air pollution controls collectively referred to as wet scrubbers.

Venturi devices have also been used for over 100 years to measure fluid flow (Venturi tubes derived their name from Giovanni Battista Venturi, an Italian physicist).

About 35 years ago, Johnstone (1949) and other researchers found that they could effectively use the venturi configuration to remove particles from gas streams. Figure 1 illustrates the classic venturi configuration.

A venturi scrubber consists of three sections: a converging section, a throat section, and a diverging section. The inlet gas stream enters the converging section and, as the area decreases, gas velocity increases (in accordance with the Bernoulli equation). Liquid is introduced either at the throat or at the entrance to the converging section.

The inlet gas, forced to move at extremely high velocities in the small throat section, shears the liquid from its walls, producing an enormous number of very tiny droplets.

Particle and gas removal occur in the throat section as the inlet gas stream mixes with the fog of tiny liquid droplets. The inlet stream then exits through the diverging section, where it is forced to slow down.

Venturis can be used to collect both particulate and gaseous pollutants, but they are more effective in removing particles than gaseous pollutants.



Figure 2 – Wetted throat venturi scrubber

Liquid can be injected at the converging section or at the throat. Figure 2 shows liquid injected at the converging section. Thus, the liquid coats the venturi throat making it very effective for handling hot, dry inlet gas that contains dust. Otherwise, the dust would have a tendency to cake on or abrade a dry throat. These venturis are sometimes referred to as having a wetted approach.

Figure 3 shows liquid injected at the venturi throat. Since it is sprayed at or just before the throat, it does not actually coat the throat surface. These throats are susceptible to solids buildup when the throat is dry. They are also susceptible to abrasion by dust particles. These venturis are best used when the inlet stream is cool and moist. These venturis are referred to as having a non-wetted approach.

Venturis with round throats (Figures 2 and 3) can handle inlet flows as large as 88,000 m3/h (40,000 cfm) (Brady and Legatski 1977). At inlet flow rates greater than this, achieving uniform liquid distribution is difficult, unless additional weirs or baffles are used. To handle large inlet flows, scrubbers designed with long, narrow, rectangular throats (Figure 4) have been used.



Figure 3 – Non-wetted throat venturi scrubber

Simple venturis have fixed throat areas and cannot be used over a wide range of gas flow rates. Manufacturers have developed other modifications to the basic venturi design to maintain scrubber efficiency by changing the throat area for varying inlet gas rates.

Certain types of orifices (throat areas) that create more turbulence than a true venturi were found to be equally efficient for a given unit of energy consumed (McIlvaine Company 1974).

Results of these findings led to the development of the annular-orifice, or adjustable-throat, venturi scrubber (Figure 5). The size of the throat area is varied by moving a plunger, or adjustable disk, up or down in the throat, thereby decreasing or increasing the annular opening. Gas flows through the annular opening and atomizes liquid that is sprayed onto the plunger or swirled in from the top.

Another adjustable-throat venturi is shown in Figure 6. In this scrubber, the throat area is varied by using a movable plate. A water-wash spray is used to continually wash collected material from the plate.

Another modification can be seen in the venturi-rod or rod deck scrubber. By placing a number of pipes parallel to each other, a series of longitudinal venturi openings can be created as shown in Figure 7. The area between adjacent rods is a small venturi throat.



Figure 4 – Rectangular throat venturi scrubber

Water sprays help prevent solids buildup. The principal atomization of the liquid occurs at the rods, where the high-velocity gas moving through spacings creates the small droplets necessary for fine particle collection. These rods must be made of abrasion-resistant material due to the high velocities present.

All venturi scrubbers require an entrainment separator because the high velocity of gas through the scrubber will have a tendency to entrain the droplets with the outlet clean gas stream.

Cyclonic, mesh-pad, and blade separators are all used to remove liquid droplets from the flue gas and return the liquid to the scrubber water. Cyclonic separators, the most popular for use with venturi scrubbers, are connected to the venturi vessel by a flooded elbow (Figure 8). The liquid reduces abrasion of the elbow as the outlet gas flows at high velocities from the venturi into the separator.

Contents

1 Particle collection

2 Gas collection

3 Maintenance problems

4 Summary

5 Bibliography

6 External links

7 References

//


Particle collection



Figure 5 – Adjustable-throat venturi scrubber with plunger

Venturis are the most commonly used scrubber for particle collection and are capable of achieving the highest particle collection efficiency of any wet scrubbing system. As the inlet stream enters the throat, its velocity increases greatly, atomizing and turbulently mixing with any liquid present.

The atomized liquid provides an enormous number of tiny droplets for the dust particles to impact on. These liquid droplets incorporating the particles must be removed from the scrubber outlet stream, generally by cyclonic separators.

Particle removal efficiency increases with increasing pressure drop because of increased turbulence due to high gas velocity in the throat. Venturis can be operated with pressure drops ranging from 12 to 250 cm (5 to 100 in) of water.

Most venturis normally operate with pressure drops in the range of 50 to 150 cm (20 to 60 in) of water. At these pressure drops, the gas velocity in the throat section is usually between 30 and 120 m/s (100 to 400 ft/s), or approximately 270 mph at the high end. These high pressure drops result in high operating costs.

The liquid-injection rate, or liquid-to-gas ratio (L/G), also affects particle collection. The proper amount of liquid must be injected to provide adequate liquid coverage over the throat area and make up for any evaporation losses. If there is insufficient liquid, then there will not be enough liquid targets to provide the required capture efficiency.

Most venturi systems operate with an L/G ratio of 0.4 to 1.3 l/m3 (3 to 10 gal/1000 ft3) (Brady and Legatski 1977). L/G ratios less than 0.4 l/m3 (3 gal/1000 ft3) are usually not sufficient to cover the throat, and adding more than 1.3 l/m3 (10 gal/1000 ft3) does not usually significantly improve particle collection efficiency.

Gas collection



Figure 6 – Adjustable-throat venturi scrubber with movable plate

Venturi scrubbers can be used for removing gaseous pollutants; however, they are not used when removal of gaseous pollutants is the only concern.

The high inlet gas velocities in a venturi scrubber result in a very short contact time between the liquid and gas phases. This short contact time limits gas absorption. However, because venturis have a relatively open design compared to other scrubbers, they are very useful for simultaneous gaseous and particulate pollutant removal, especially when:

Scaling…

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AllodyniaClassification and external resources

DiseasesDB

30788

Allodynia, meaning “other pain”, is a painful (noxious) response to a usually non-painful (innocuous) stimulus and can be either static or mechanical. Allodynia differs from referred pain, but can occur in areas other than the one stimulated. It is dysesthetic. Allodynia is different from hyperalgesia, an extreme reaction to a stimulus which is normally painful.

Contents

1 Types

2 Causes

3 Pathophysiology

3.1 Pathophysiology at the cellular level

3.2 Pathophysiology at the molecular level

4 Treatment

4.1 Endogenous body mechanisms for reducing pain

4.2 Drugs

5 References

//


Types

There are different kinds or types of allodynia:

Mechanical allodynia (also known as tactile allodynia)

Static mechanical allodynia pain in response to light touch/pressure

Dynamic mechanical allodynia pain in response to brushing

Thermal (hot or cold) allodynia pain from normally mild skin temperatures in the affected area

Causes

Allodynia is a clinical feature of many painful conditions, such as neuropathies, postherpetic neuralgia, fibromyalgia, and migraine. Allodynia may also be caused by some populations of stem cells used to treat nerve damage including spinal cord injury.

Pathophysiology

Pathophysiology at the cellular level

The cell types involved in nociception and mechanical sensation are the cells responsible for allodynia. In healthy individuals, nociceptors sense information about cell stress or damage and temperature at the skin and transmit it to the spinal cord. The cell bodies of these neurons lie in dorsal root ganglia, important structures located on both sides of the spinal cord. The axons then pass through the dorsal horn to make connections with secondary neurons. The secondary neurons cross over to the other (contralateral) side of the spinal cord and reach nuclei of the thalamus. From there, the information is carried through one or more neurons to the somatosensory cortex of the brain. Mechanoreceptors follow the same general pathway. However, they do not cross over at the level of the spinal cord, but at the thalamus instead. In addition, they are grouped in tracts that are spatially distinct from the nociceptive tracts.

Despite this anatomical separation, mechanoreceptors can influence the output of nociceptors by making connections with the same interneurons, the activation of which can reduce or completely eliminate the sensation of pain. Another way to modulate the transmission of pain information is via descending fibers from the brain. These fibers act through different interneurons to block the transmission of information from the nociceptrors to secondary neurons.

Both of these mechanisms for pain modulation have been implicated in the pathology of allodynia. Several studies suggest that injury to the spinal cord might lead to loss and re-organization of the nociceptrors, mechanoreceptors and interneurons, leading to the transmission of pain information by mechanoreceptors A different study reports the appearance of descending fibers at the injury site. All of these changes ultimately affect the circuitry inside the spinal cord, and the altered balance of signals probably leads to the intense sensation of pain associated with allodynia.

Different cell types have also been linked to allodynia. For example, there are reports that microglia in the thalamus might contribute to allodynia by changing the properties of the secondary nociceptors. The same effect is achieved in the spinal cord by the recruitment of immune system cells such as monocytes/macrophages and T lymphocytes.

Pathophysiology at the molecular level

There is a strong body of evidence that the so called sensitization of the central nervous system contributes to the appearance of allodynia. Sensitization refers to the increased response of neurons following repetitive stimulation. In addition to repeated activity, the increased levels of certain compounds lead to sensitization, as well. The work of many researchers has led to the elucidation of pathways that can result in neuronal sensitization both in the thalamus and dorsal horns. Both pathways depend on the production of chemokines and other molecules important in the inflammatory response.

A very important molecule in the thalamus appears to be cysteine-cysteine chemokine ligand 21 (CCL21). The concentration of this chemokine is increased in the ventral posterolateral nucleus of the thalamus where secondary nociceptive neurons make connections with other neurons. The source of CCL21 is not exactly known, but two possibilities exist. First, it might be made in primary nociceptive neurons and transported up to the thalamus. Most likely, neurons intrinsic to the ventral posterolateral nucleus make at least some of it. In any case, CCL21 binds to C-C chemokine receptor type 7 and Chemokine receptor CXCR3 receptors on microglia in the thalamus. The physiologic response to the binding is probably the production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) by cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2). Activated microglia making PGE2 can then sensitize nociceptive neurons as manifested by their lowered threshold to pain.

The mechanism responsible for sensitization of the central nervous system at the level of the spinal cord is different from the one in the thalamus. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and its receptor are the molecules that seem to be responsible for the sensitization of neurons in the dorsal horns of the spinal cord. Macrophages and lymphocytes infiltrate the spinal cord, for example, because of injury, and release TNF-alpha and other pro-inflammatory molecules. TNF-alpha then binds to the TNF receptors expressed on nociceptors, activating the MAPK/NF-kappa B pathways. This leads to the production of more TNF-alpha, its release, and binding to the receptors on the cells that released it (autocrine signalling). This mechanism also explains the perpetuation of sensitization and thus allodynia. TNF-alpha might also increase the number of AMPA receptors, and decrease the numbers of GABA receptors on the membrane of nociceptors, both of which could change the nociceptors in a way that allows for their easier activation. Another outcome of the increased TNF-alpha is the release of PGE2, with a mechanism and effect similar to the ones in the thalamus.

Treatment

Endogenous body mechanisms for reducing pain

As already mentioned, there are descending neurons that modulate the perception of pain. Many of these neurons originate in nuclei in the brainstem and pass through the periaqueductal gray (PAG) area of the midbrain.

The body possesses an additional mechanism to control pain: the release of endogenous opioids, especially at the level of the PAG. There are neurons that release enkephalins, endorphins, and dynorphins at the PAG, and in this way modulate its ability to modulate pain perception. Other neurons can release their endogenous opioids at the source of the pain, as well. If this occurs, the transmission of pain information from the nociceptors to the secondary neurons is blocked, and no pain is felt

Unfortunately, these endogenous mechanisms are often damaged and unfunctional in people suffering from allodynia, so the application of pharmaceuticals is needed.

Drugs

Numerous compounds alleviate the pain from allodynia. Some are specific for certain types of allodynia while others are general. They include:

Dynamic mechanical allodynia – compounds targeting different ion channels; opioids

Mexiletine

Lidocaine (IV/topical)

Tramadol

Morphine (IV)

Alfentanil (IV)

Ketamine (IV)

Methylprednisone (intrathecal)

Adenosine

Glycine antagonist

…

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An MLP being carried by a Crawler-Transporter.

The Mobile Launcher Platform or MLP is a two-story structure used by NASA, along with the Crawler-Transporter, to transport the Space Shuttle stack from the Vehicle Assembly Building (VAB) to either Launch Pad 39-A or 39-B at the Kennedy Space Center, as well as serve as the vehicle’s launch platform. NASA’s three MLPs were originally constructed for the Apollo Program to launch the Saturn V rockets in the 1960s and 1970s, and have remained in service to this day, with substantial alterations.

Contents

1 Function

2 Evolution

2.1 Apollo

2.2 Space Shuttle Program

2.3 Project Constellation

3 References

4 External links

//


Function

Each MLP weighs 9.25 million pounds (4200 t) and measures 160feet (49m) by 135feet (41m), and is 25feet (7.6m) high.

Originally designated the “Mobile Launcher”, the MLP was designed as part of NASA’s strategy for vertical assembly and transport of space vehicles. Vertical assembly allows the preparation of the spacecraft in a ready-for-launch position, and avoids the additional step of lifting or craning a horizontally-assembled vehicle onto the launchpad (as the engineers of the Soviet space program chose to do).

The Mobile Launcher Platform is set atop 6 legs inside the massive Vehicle Assembly building. The Solid Rocket Boosters are mounted on top of the MLP. The External Tank is then lowered between the 2 boosters and attached to them. After that, the Orbiter is lowered into position and attached to the External Tank. The Crawler-Transporter then carries the combined platform and vehicle to the launch site, and deposits them there together. Once the launch has been completed, the Crawler-Transporter retrieves the empty MLP from the pad to be readied for its next use.

Evolution



The Saturn V “stack” for the Apollo 11 moon landing mission moves up the ramp toward its launch site on the Mobile Launcher, carried by the Crawler-Transporter.

Apollo

The MLP was originally constructed for the use of transporting and launching the Saturn V rocket for the Apollo program lunar landing missions of the 1960s and 1970s. Each MLP originally had a single exhaust vent for the Saturn V’s motors. The MLPs also featured the distinctive 400-foot (120m) launch umbilical tower with arms that permitted the servicing of the rocket on the launch pad. The arms swung away from the Saturn V at launch. For Skylab and Apollo-Soyuz, MLP #1 was modified with a so-called “milkstool” pedestal that allowed the shorter Saturn IB rocket to use the Saturn V tower and service arms, and Saturn V Ground Support Equipment (GSE) was removed or de-activated and Saturn IB GSE equipment was installed.

Space Shuttle Program

In the post-Apollo years, the umbilical towers from Mobile Launchers 2 and 3 were removed. Portions of these tower structures were erected at the two Space Shuttle (or STS, for Space Transport System) launch pads, Pads 39 A and B. These permanent structures are now known as the “Fixed Service Structure” or in NASA’s language of acronyms, FSS. The umbilical tower from Mobile Launcher 1 (which was the platform used for the most significant Apollo Missions) was taken apart and stored in the Kennedy Space Center’s industrial area.

In addition to removal of the umbilical towers, each Shuttle-era MLP was extensively reconfigured with the addition of two Tail Service Masts, one on either side of the Main Engine exhaust vent. These 31-foot (9.4m) masts contain the feed lines through which liquid hydrogen (LH2) and liquid oxygen (LOX) are loaded into the shuttle’s external fuel tank, as well as electrical hookups and flares that are used to burn off any ambient hydrogen vapors at the launch site immediately prior to Main Engine start.

The Space Shuttle Main Engine (SSME) vents its exhaust through the original opening used for the Saturn rocket exhaust. Two additional holes were added to vent exhaust from the Solid Rocket Boosters that flank the external fuel tank.



Water is released onto the mobile launcher platform on Launch Pad 39A at the start of a rare sound suppression system test in 2004. During launch, 300,000 gallons (1136 m3) are poured onto the pad in only 41 seconds.

The Space Shuttle assembly is held to the MLP through the use of eight attach posts, also called “hold-down bolts”, four on the aft skirt of each Solid Rocket Booster. Immediately before SRB ignition, frangible nuts attached to the top of these bolts are detonated, releasing the assembly from the platform.

When NASA began launching shuttle missions, it became clear that the MLP might inadvertently pose a danger to the crew or the vehicle: massive acoustic shock waves and rocket exhaust can bounce off the platform and hit the shuttle as it lifts off. This was true for the Saturn V launches as well, but there was less risk because the Apollo Modules, atop the 363-foot (111m) stack, were so much further away from the engines. Because the shuttle is about half the height of the Saturn, the crew-cabin and payload bay are much closer to the platform and much more vulnerable to the tremendous forces bouncing back off the MLP – on the first mission, STS-1, the shock waves damaged much of the protective thermal tiles.

NASA’s solution to this danger is to cushion the MLP at every launch with a flood of flowing water. Starting 6.6 seconds before engine ignition, a 300,000-gallon water tank at the launch site begins dumping water down a pipeline and into the exhaust vents of the MLP. Next, six 12-foot (3.7m)-high towers known as “rainbirds” begin to spray water over the MLP and into the flame deflector trenches below it. The water absorbs some of the bruising forces of the acoustic waves, and discourages fires that might be caused by the rocket exhaust. This water-dumping mechanism, known as the Sound Suppression System, empties the launch pad tank in around 41 seconds. The giant white clouds that billow around the shuttle at each launch are not smoke, but steam generated as the rocket exhaust boils away huge quantities of water. The suppression system reduces the acoustic sound level to approx 180 dB.

Project Constellation

With the announcement by NASA that the agency will replace the Space Shuttle with the Orion spacecraft and the Ares I crew launch vehicle and the Ares V cargo launch vehicle, NASA will construct three new light-weight MLPs that will support the new Ares I rocket and its launch umbilical tower, which altogether will weigh about 9.5 million lbs. This will allow NASA to use the current Crawler-Transporter vehicles until their replacements are constructed to support the heavier Ares V rocket and its launch support tower[citation needed]. The new MLP systems are being designed by ASRC Aerospace under the University-Affiliated Spaceport Technology Development Contract (USTDC) contract. The Ares V rocket will use the existing Shuttle MLPs, but modified and strengthened to support the heavier weight of the vehicle and its support tower.

References

^ Kennedy Space Center Website, at http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/facilities/mlp.html

^ “Sound Suppression Test Unleashes a Flood”. NASA. 2004-05-10. http://www.nasa.gov/missions/shuttle/f_watertest.html. Retrieved on 2009-03-06.

^ Sound Suppression Water System page at NASA’s http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/nasafact/count4ssws.htm

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Crawler-transporter

NASA factsheet on the MLP

Kennedy Space Center page on the MLP



v?d?eSpace Shuttle program

Core topics

Space Shuttle Space Shuttle program

Components

Orbiter Solid Rocket Booster (SRB) External Tank (ET) Main Engine (SSME) Orbital Maneuvering System (OMS)

Orbiters

Enterprise Columbia…

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(Redirected from Back Talk)

It has been suggested that Out with Dad be merged into this article or section. (Discuss)

It has been suggested that Something Borrowed, Someone Blue be merged into this article or section. (Discuss)

The seventh season of Frasier originally aired between September 1999 and May 2000, beginning on September 23, 1999.

List of episodes

Episode#

Series#

Title

Director

Writer(s)

Original Airdate

01

145

“Momma Mia”

Kelsey Grammer

Rob Hanning

September 23, 1999

Roz has fixed Frasier up on a blind date, but before she turns up at Caf Nervosa, Frasier has already introduced himself to another woman at the counter. She turns out to be Mia Preston, a noted children’s author whose books he used to read to Frederick. He finds something familiar about her, and decides to ask her out; she accepts. When Niles eventually meets her, he is startled to discover that she bears a striking resemblance to his late mother, Hester Crane. Frasier himself clearly has no idea. He, Niles and Martin are planning to spend the weekend at a cabin where they used to holiday years ago, to celebrate Martin’s birthday. Also, the brothers have arranged to have some of their old home movies transferred to videotape, so they can all reminisce together. Frasier brings Mia, and Martin has a similar shock to Niles when he meets her. However, Frasier has the greatest shock of all when he watches the home movies, in which his mother features, and suddenly realises that he is dating her spitting image.

02

146

“Father of the Bride”

David Lee

Mark Reisman

September 30, 1999

Frasier is trying to decide on a wedding present for Daphne and Donny, and Roz is apprehensive in case she is asked to be a bridesmaid, recalling her previous experiences (all of which involved wearing awful dresses). After a conversation with Martin, Frasier decides to pay for the wedding flowers. Unfortunately, when he announces this to Daphne, he is suffering from a bout of hiccups brought on by some jerky Martin made him eat, he only manages to get as far as saying: “Dad and I would be honored to pay for your wedding”. Daphne, who has so far been trying not to let her mother take control of the ceremony and arrangements because she is paying, is delighted. Consequently, Frasier feels obliged not to complete the sentence. However, he becomes so involved with the details of organising everything, trying to plan things his way, that Daphne starts to worry that she will have the same problem as with her mother. Meanwhile, Niles is very pleased at having met an attractive woman through what he presumes to be a dating service. The name “Executive Match” rings bells with Frasier, as he heard Donny use it while discussing a client on the phone; it is, in fact, an escort agency, which means that Niles is unwittingly dating a call girl.

03

147

“Radio Wars”

Sheldon Epps

Sam Johnson & Chris Marcil

October 7, 1999

Frasier is very annoyed at getting a prank phonecall very early in the morning from KACL’s new morning team, Carlos and the Chicken; everyone else finds it hilarious. He seizes the opportunity to speak to them at Caf Nervosa later that day, but they claim to be fans of his show and not to have intended any offence, so he graciously refrains from any angry outburst. Unfortunately for him, he receives another prank call later, whilst enjoying a bath, during which, suspecting nothing, he is actually persuaded to sing down the phone and to stamp around the floor of the bathroom simultaneously. Desperate for revenge, Frasier sits up all night composing a scathing speech of rebuttal, intending to read it on air to humiliate his rivals. Martin advises him against it, promising that it will only exacerbate the problem. The last straw comes when Roz calls Frasier to notify him about Carlos and the Chicken’s currently broadcast: a medley of sound effects and sound bites, engineered to sound like a sex session between him and Roz.

04

148

“Everyone’s a Critic”

Pamela Fryman

Joe Keenan

October 14, 1999

The owner of KACL has sent her daughter, Poppy Delafield, to start an internship at the station. Everyone finds her unbearable because she can never stop talking, though they are all too polite to say so. Meanwhile, Niles is very pleased with himself; he has been appointed art critic of a posh magazine, The Monocle, and is now attending performances for free and socialising with the elite of Seattle. Frasier becomes envious, and asks Kenny if he could host an arts programme on KACL, to fill a recently vacated slot in the schedule; Kenny says no. Frasier therefore decides that he must approach someone in a more senior position. To this end, he has a subtle conversation with Poppy, to persuade her to suggest his idea to her mother. She loves the idea, but some of the subtlety is lost on her, including the crucial component of who should host the show. Martin is pleased when Eddie kills his first rat, but then trouble starts when he encourages him to repeat his success, and the victim turns out to be a missing hamster.

05

149

“The Dog that Rocks the Cradle”

Pamela Fryman

Bob Daily

October 21, 1999

Since being fired from KACL, Bulldog has been working as a pizza delivery man, as Frasier discovers when Bulldog brings one to his apartment. Roz is also there with Alice, and when Frasier sees how pleased Alice is to see Bulldog, he suggests to Roz that she employ him as a babysitter for the following day, when she has a date. It has been a month since Roz’s last date, so she is keen not to miss this one, and follows Frasier’s suggestion. However, when her date arrives at her door, Bulldog answers it and scares him away, telling him to phone and cancel like a gentleman. This gives him the opportunity to spend the evening with Roz and Alice, and Roz never suspects a thing. She then organises more dates during the week, and Bulldog scares them away too, but Roz cannot remain oblivious for long. Meanwhile, Niles has been fighting to reclaim a plot in Verdant Hills, a prestigious cemetery, which he lost after his divorce. He and Frasier encourage their father to organise something for himself, but Martin does not like to tempt fate.

06

150

“Rivals”

Katy Garretson

Christopher Lloyd

November 4, 1999

When Frasier escapes Poppy at Caf Nervosa by leaving Niles in his place, Poppy is suddenly less talkative than usual; she finds Niles warm, charming and handsome. Frasier returns home and finds a strange woman in a towel using the phone. It soon turns out that her name is Regan, she recently moved in next door, and Martin rescued her when she accidentally locked herself out. Martin explains to his son that he brought her for his benefit, and though not very grateful for this interference, Frasier does find Regan attractive, and intends to ask her out. When Niles meets her, Frasier detects recognition in his face (Regan is one of Niles’ patients), and thinks he may have competition; he finds Niles’ admission that he has taken a shine to Poppy unconvincing. Niles, in turn, thinks Frasier’s persistent hostile remarks about Poppy mask a latent attraction, and so does not believe that he really likes Regan. Both couples attend a charity ball, each brother assuming that the other is pursuing his date, with disastrous consequences.

07

151

“A Tsar is Born”

Pamela Fryman

Charlie Hauck

November 11, 1999

Antiques Roadshow comes to Seattle, and after an enjoyable evening watching the previous show together, Martin and his sons decide to take a family heirloom for appraisal. The object, which is a pewter clock, turns out to be Russian, and is one of a collection made exclusively for…

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USNS Navasota (T-AO-106) in 1986

Career (United States)

Name:

USS Navasota

Namesake:

The Navasota River in Texas

Builder:

Sun Shipbuilding and Drydock Company, Chester, Pennsylvania

Laid down:

22 February 1945

Launched:

30 August 1945

Commissioned:

27 February 1946

Decommissioned:

13 August 1975

In service:

1975

Out of service:

1991

Reclassified:

T-AO-107 after decommissioning

Struck:

2 January 1992

Honors andawards:

Nine battle stars for Korean War service and 14 campaign stars for Vietnam War service

Fate:

Sold for scrapping 25 October 1995

General characteristics

Class and type:

Ashtabula-class oiler1

Displacement:

As built:7,423 tons (light); 25,480 tons (full load)After “jumboization”:12,840 tons (light); 33,987 tons (full load)

Length:

As built:553ft (169m)After “jumboization”:644ft (196m)

Beam:

75ft (23m)

Draft:

As built:32ft (9.8m)After “jumboization”:34ft9in (10.6m)

Installed power:

30,400 horsepower

Propulsion:

geared turbines, four boilers, twin screws

Speed:

16 knots (29.6 km/h)

Capacity:

146,000 barrels of fuel oil

Complement:

304 (as USS Navasota)

Crew:

108 civilians plus a detachment of U.S. Navy personnel (as USNS Navasota)

Armament:

As built:1 x 5-inch (127-mm) 38-caliber gun4 x 3-inch (76.2-mm) 50-caliber guns8 x 40-mm antiaircraft guns (4 x 2)8 x 20-mm antiaircraft guns (4 x 2)After May 1958:4 x 3-inch (76.2-mm) 50-caliber guns

Notes:

“Jumboization” involved the lengthening of Navasota’s hull and installation of additional cargo capacity in 1964-1965.

USS Navasota (AO-106) was an Ashtabula-class oiler that served in the U.S. Navy from 1946 to 1973, then transferred to the Military Sealift Command to continue service as United States Naval Ship USNS Navasota (T-AO-106) until taken out of service in 1992. Navasota was sold for scrapping in 1995. She was the only U.S. Navy ship to bear the name Navasota.

Contents

1 Construction and commissioning

2 Operational history, 194663

3 “Jumboization”, 196364

4 196575

5 Later career and disposition

6 Battle Honors

7 Notes

8 References

9 External links

//


Construction and commissioning

Navasota was laid down under Maritime Commission contract on 22 February 1945 as Maritime Commission hull 2702 by Sun Shipbuilding and Drydock Company, Chester, Pennsylvania. She was launched on 30 August 1945, sponsored by Mrs. A. Hahn, and commissioned on 27 February 1946, Commander David H. McCluskey, USNR, in command.

Operational history, 194663

After three months of shakedown and training off the United States East Coast, Navasota steamed via the Panama Canal for Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, and the western Pacific. Assigned to Service Force, United States Pacific Fleet, she departed Pearl Harbor on 3 July 1946 to bring petroleum products from the Persian Gulf to the Pacific fleet. She stood out of Yokosuka, Japan, on 20 August 1946 for San Pedro, California, arriving on 2 September 1946. For the next four months the oiler was in an operational training status, and on 30 January 1948 she again deployed to the Western Pacific. After serving as station ship at Tsingtao, China, from April through June 1948, she returned to San Pedro, California, on 7 July 1948, thence to Pearl Harbor in August 1948.

Navasota departed Pearl Harbor on 13 October 1948, once again en route the Far East. She departed Yokosuka on 20 November 1948 for Tsingtao and remained on station until 30 December 1948, when she sailed for California via Pearl Harbor. She arrived at Long Beach, California, on 19 January 1949, steamed to Kodiak, Alaska on 1 February 1949, returned to San Francisco on 25 February 1949, and continued to operate on the United States West Coast for the next year.

Navasota again deployed to the Western Pacific on 1 May 1950. When the North Koreans crossed the 38th Parallel on 25 June 1950, beginning the Korean War, the oiler steamed for Korean waters to fuel Allied ships in the area. In late August 1950 she put in at Keelung, Formosa, but she was back in Korean waters to take part in the Inchon invasion on 15 September 1950.

She steamed for Pearl Harbor on 22 October 1950 and then for Japan via Kwajalein and Guam. Departing Japan on 16 December 1950, she arrived at Long Beach on 30 December 1950, only to return to the Far East on 31 March 1951 for further operations off Wonsan, Korea.

During her Korean operations Navasota fueled ships in Subic Bay on Luzon in the Philippine Islands, in Buckner Bay on Okinawa, in the Pescadores Islands, in Formosa, in Japan, and in Korea. She returned to Long Beach for overhaul from October 1951 until February 1952. The oiler operated off the U.S. West Coast until getting underway on 3 April 1952 for Sasebo, Japan, and resumption of her Korean fueling operations. She remained in the area of Wonsan and Songjin, Korea, for the next seven months and then returned to Long Beach, arriving there on 13 November 1952.

Navasota steamed from Long Beach on 2 February 1953 for Pearl Harbor to participate in Mercantile Convoy Exercise RES 53B, after which she called at Sasebo on 26 February 1953 to commence her fourth Pacific deployment. For the next seven months she conducted fueling operations in Korean waters. She was also used as station ship at Kaohsiung, Formosa, where she fueled units of the Formosa Straits Patrol until she headed for Long Beach on 3 September 1953.

For the next ten years Navasota continued to provide fueling services to the fleet through her annual Western Pacific deployments. In one overhaul at Long Beach Naval Shipyard from February to May 1958, all guns save her single 3-inch (76.2-mm) mounts were removed.

Highlights in this period included service as fuel ship during the nuclear weapons tests at Bikini Atoll in the summer of 1956 and her Western Pacific deployment of 1958, when she refueled 174 ships from August through November while serving as station ship at Makung in the Pescadores.

“Jumboization”, 196364

Upon completion of her fifteenth Western Pacific deployment on 14 October 1963, Navasota was scheduled for “jumboization”, the first oiler so designated. She steamed on 14 November 1963 for Puget Sound Naval Shipyard at Bremerton, Washington, for preliminary preparations, then entered Puget Sound Bridge and Drydock Company, Plant No. 2, Harbor Island, Seattle, Washington. for the conversion. Her new 394-foot (120.1-meter) midsection was built in Kawasaki Dock Yard, Kobe, Japan, and towed to Seattle by the Japanese tug Daisho Maru No. 1.

The “jumboization” process consisted of five basic steps. First, the bow was removed and retained in the drydock while the rest of the ship was floated out. Next, the new section was floated in, raised, and joined to the bow. Third, the bridge structure was transferred to the new section by heavy lift crane on 9 January 1964. Then the stern section was severed and retained in drydock while the old midsection was floated out. In the last step, the new section with bow and bridge structure attached, was floated into the dock, raised, and joined to the stern.

Although replacement of the midsection was the single largest change in the $15,000,000 process, many other important improvements were made during the conversion. A major modification was made to the stern, including a new counterbalanced rudder, new stern casting and struts, and new shorter propeller shafts and stern tubes. The latest in fueling and replenishment at sea equipment was also added, including kingposts with outriggers, ram tensioned span wires and high lines, electric…

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The Christmas Toy

“The Christmas Toy” VHS cover

Directed by

Eric Till

Produced by

Jim Henson

Written by

Laura Phillips

Starring

Dave GoelzSteve WhitmireKathryn MullenJerry NelsonRichard HuntCamille Bonora

Music by

Jeff Moss

Editing by

Geoff Craigen

Distributed by

Henson AssociatesSony Pictures

Release date(s)

December 6, 1986

Running time

50 minutes

Language

English

The Christmas Toy is a 1986 made-for-TV movie by The Jim Henson Company. It originally aired on ABC on December 6, 1986, and was originally sponsored by Kraft Foods.

Originally introduced by Kermit The Frog, it was last released on VHS format in 1998. In 2008, HIT Entertainment (distributed by Lionsgate) released the special on DVD, but edited out Kermit’s appearance due to legal issues.

The film later led to a series: Secret Life of Toys.

Contents

1 Plot

2 Featured cast

3 Similarities to “Toy Story”

4 External links

//


Plot

When no people are around, the toys still play in the playroom. But since a toy will be frozen forever if a person catches it out of position, they have to be very careful. It’s Christmas Eve, and Rugby the Tiger remembers how he was the Christmas Toy last year, and thinks he’s going to be unwrapped again. And it’s up to Apple the Doll, whom Rugby supplanted as favorite toy, to tell him what’s in store. But Rugby won’t believe her, and tries to get into the Christmas package and lets Meteora, Queen of the Asteroids loose. Unfortunately, she doesn’t know she’s a toy, and thinks she’s landed among aliens. And it’s up to Apple, Mew (the Cat’s toy mouse), and the other toys to get Rugby out of the box and Meteora back in it before they’re found and frozen forever!

Featured cast

Actor

Role

Dave Goelz

Rugby the Tiger

Steve Whitmire

Mew the Cat and his Toy Mouse

Kathryn Mullen

Apple the Doll

Jerry Nelson

Balthasar

Richard Hunt

Belmont

Camille Bonora

Meteora, Queen of the Asteroids

Brian Henson

Cruiser

Rob Mills

Bleep

Nicky Tilroe

Ding-a-ling the Phone

Marsha Moreau

Jamie

Zachary Bennett

Jesse

Jim Henson

Kermit the Frog (Narrator)

Similarities to “Toy Story”

There are similarities to the plot of this film and to Disney/Pixar’s computer-animated feature film Toy Story, released in 1995. These similarities include (but are not exclusive to):

Rugby, Jesse’s old toy, is jealous and feels threatened by Meteora (who is a newer, space-themed action figure) and tries to get rid of her. In Toy Story, Woody, Andy’s old toy, is jealous and feels threatened by Buzz Lightyear (who is a newer, space-themed action figure) and tries to get rid of him.

Meteora, an outer-space themed toy like Buzz Lightyear, does not understand that she is, in fact, a toy and not “Queen of the Asteroids”. Rugby must teach her that being a toy is not inferior to her assumed role, as Woody must convince Buzz.

As the voice of reason (and practically the only main female character in the cast), Apple the Doll serves the same purpose as Bo Peep.

The toys revert to their inanimate form the moment a human nears. (Although in Toy Story this is depicted as a conscious decision on the part of the toys, while The Christmas Toy includes the plot device that a toy is frozen forever if it is touched by a human outside of its original position.)

External links

The Christmas Toy on Muppet Wiki, an external wiki

The Christmas Toy at the Internet Movie Database



v?d?eJim Henson’s The Muppets

Television series

Sam and Friends (1955-1961) Sesame Street (1969-present) Saturday Night Live (1975) The Muppet Show (1976-1981) Fraggle Rock (1983-1987) Muppet Babies (1984-1991) Little Muppet Monsters (1985) The Jim Henson Hour (1989) Dog City (1992-1995) Secret Life of Toys (1994-1996) Muppets Tonight (1996-1998) Bear in the Big Blue House (1998-2007) Sid the Science Kid (2008-Present)

Feature films

The Muppet Movie (1979) The Great Muppet Caper (1981) The Muppets Take Manhattan (1984) Sesame Street Presents Follow That Bird (1985) The Muppet Christmas Carol (1992) Muppet Treasure Island (1996) Muppets from Space (1999) The Adventures of Elmo in Grouchland (1999)

Television specials

Hey, Cinderella! (1969) The Frog Prince (1972) The Muppet Musicians of Bremen (1972) Emmet Otter’s Jug-Band Christmas (1977) A Christmas Together (1979) The Tale of the Bunny Picnic (1986) The Christmas Toy (1986) A Muppet Family Christmas (1987) Cartoon All-Stars to the Rescue (1990) The Muppets at Walt Disney World (1990) Mr. Willowby’s Christmas Tree (1995) Elmopalooza (1998) It’s a Very Merry Muppet Christmas Movie (2002) The Muppets’ Wizard of Oz (2005) Studio DC: Almost Live (2008) A Muppets Christmas: Letters to Santa (2008)

Direct-to-video

Muppet Classic Theater (1994) Elmo Saves Christmas (1996) Kermit’s Swamp Years (2002) Abby in Wonderland (2008)

Other media

Jim Henson’s Muppet*Vision 3D (1991-present) Statler and Waldorf: From the Balcony (2005-2006) Muppet Mobile Lab (2007-present) Muppet Monster Adventure Comic book

Categories: Muppet specials | Christmas films | American television films | 1986 television films

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WikiProject Holidays

(Rated B-Class)





Holidays portal

v?d?e

B

Mid

WikiProject Festivals



v?d?e

Contents

1 Egyptian origins?

2 Christmas ball

3 Trinity triangle

4 How real is the supposed pagan origin?

5 Viking

6 Query

7 Trafalgar Square Tree

8 Academic definition

9 Secular symbol?

10 Nimrod and the Christmas tree

11 Pleasant River Tree Farm

12 Rocky Mts

13 Cannabis

14 Balsam Fir

15 Hanging Slaves

16 Artificial Trees

17 Usage Controversy

18 Organics

19 Name Controversy

20 Paper/Tabloid

21 Strange layout

22 Tinsel/offal

23 Tree in Rio de Janeiro

24 NPOV issue

25 Picture

26 Szaloncukor (parlour candy)

27 Origin on NPR’s Says You!

28 It’s origi’s aren’t Christian.

29 stripped Christmas tree as a Christian cross?

30 fir trees “hung from ceilings”

31 Hanging people from trees

32 Artificial trees

33 Holy Trinity

34 australian Christmas trees

35 Ethics of tree-cutting

36 Mithraic origins?

37 Deletion in Dates section

//


Egyptian origins?

I’ve looked around and it seems that the origin of the christmas tree might be the Egyptian tradition of bringing palm fronds into the home during the winter solstice. Supposedly this tradition migrated to europe, where other tree leaves and branches were substituted for the palm fronds. I’m not sure how this ties in with the germanic origins mentioned in the article. If no one objects, I’ll add this tidbit about egypt. Zoffoperskof 05:54, 24 January 2007 (UTC)

Nowhere is there a link to a botanical reference to the Christmas tree, so despite looking for the apt’ place to discuss this have used this heading. Perhaps I can be contacted for future discussion on this sub-subject. The Xmas tree is traditionally Picea Abies, but I was wondering if there’s a different use of similar species in different mainly european countries? Or if due to economic reasons, the Picea is offers less of a return and doesn’t look as ‘trendy’ these days. Steve DuboisSteve Dubois 21:41, 14 September 2007 (UTC)

The Nordmann Fir is popular in Great Britain from what I understand, at least for use as a Christmas tree. Canada and the U.S. have a variety of popular species which are cultivated for use as Christmas trees. I have been working on just this topic lately, see Christmas tree cultivation to start.:)IvoShandor 22:54, 14 September 2007 (UTC)

Christmas ball

Another common Christmas decoration is a “Christmas ball”, a reflecting sphere of thin metal-coated glass, working as a reducing wide-angle mirror. I deleted this because it’s not about Christmas trees. Perhaps for a more general entry on Christmas decorations or festive decor? Wetman 00:04, 24 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Trinity triangle

According to one legend, Saint Boniface attempted to introduce the idea of trinity to the pagan tribes using the Cone-shaped evergreen trees because of their triangular appearance. This isn’t a genuine legend in the vita of Boniface, though efforts must have been made to “christianize” the symbolic fir and pine somehow. The “Trinity triangle” doesn’t sound very likely, does it. I left it in the entry while we try to focus this statement. Wetman 00:11, 24 Feb 2004 (UTC)

How real is the supposed pagan origin?

According to the German Wikipedia entry, the first Christmas tree was erected in 1605 in Strasbourg (now France, but the city’s culture was mostly southern German back then) and this was many centuries after paganism ended in Europe, and even Martin Luther was already dead for decades by then. How much of the info on pagan origins in this article is well-founded, and how much is just speculation? 82.83.135.95 17:45, 21 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Well, the pagan ways did not disappear at once with the arrival of Christianity. Nobody knows when Jesus was born. It was a conscious lie from the church’s side that he was born on the midwinter solstice in order to make a pagan festivity Christian. Moreover, it is a fact that evergreens were used to decorate homes in the Germanic countries since pagan times. If the first Christmas tree was erected in Strasbourg it only means that the Strasburgers already had the concept, but that no documentation of a previous Christmas tree has survived.

Is the connection possible? – Yes. Is the connection possible to prove? -No. The important question is whether the pagan tradition is relevant. I think it is.–Wiglaf 17:58, 21 Aug 2004 (UTC)

it is probably true that there is a pagan connection. It is, however, indirect. Unlike Carnival the tradition did not survive in remote or rural areas, as you would expect from a genuinely pagan tradition, but it became current in urban, burgeois circles in the late 16th century. I think the history section is fair, except for:

The tradition of hanging decorations (representing fruit or gifts) on the trees is very old, with some early reports coming from the Alsace-Lorraine upper Rhine region

because the first report is from Bremen, 1570, and very old is suggestive of much greater age. dab (?) 13:47, 24 Dec 2004 (UTC)

One wonders if the origin of presents under the tree may have been an offering to the roving land-mammals to keep them away from early-human-ancestry treedwellers.

I hope I have not been all to bold. Please do review my edit. Here is my source: (German language NZZ, the article will only be online for one month, and then until the google cache expires). dab (?) 19:37, 24 Dec 2004 (UTC)

D

No, I think you have improved the page.–Wiglaf 22:18, 24 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Well, how about proof from the Christian bible itself? Jeremiah 10:3-4 “For the customs of the peoples are false: a tree from the forest is cut down, and worked with an ax by the hands of an artisan people deck it with silver and gold they fasten it with hammer and nails so that it cannot move.”

No, that’s about making an ‘idol’ (a kind of statue) out of a tree. ‘They cut a tree out of the forest, and a craftsman shapes it with his chisel’(NIV) Elephx4 (talk) 13:13, 22 December 2007 (UTC)

Isn’t the alleged pagan origin of Christmas tree just a pathetic attempt atheists use to explain why they also use the Christmas tree? If the first historical Christmas tree is from the early modern age I wonder on what historical document or other sources is the pagan origin theory based. 85.135.224.153 (talk) 18:49, 21 December 2008 (UTC)

If you believe atheists use Christmas trees, you’re confused. ??????? (talk) 20:33, 21 December 2008 (UTC)

Haha. Yeah. How is it inside the box anyway? –IvoShandor (talk) 04:57, 22 December 2008 (UTC)

I removed the reference to “Lichtfest,” which was unsourced. I hunted around for an hour or two on Google Books, Google Scholar, German Wikipedia, and the .edu domain field, and could find no scholarly reference to any pre-Christian Germanic festival known as Lichtfest. I also found and added the citation from Chambers, though I’m not sure we should be citing him as a reliable source. In general, the pagan and medieval sections of the article still present a lot of unsourced and speculative statements; I hope other editors will help sort out the wheat from the tares and locate more sources. 65.213.77.129 (talk) 21:20, 23 December 2008 (UTC)

I agree, I have tagged the article with {{morereferences}}. Hopefully as people drop in here they will add references. The article needs further verification.–IvoShandor (talk) 05:36, 24 December 2008 (UTC)

Viking

This text about the sacrifice can only origin from Adam of Bremen? Adam does certainly not use the term viking when he speaks about the sacrifies in…

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Henry Poole & Co.

Type

Private

Founded

London, England (1806)

Headquarters

London, England

Key people

James Poole, FounderAngus Cundey, OwnerSimon Cundey, Director

Industry

Retailer

Products

Clothing, Fashion

Website

www.henrypoole.com

Henry Poole & Co is a gentleman’s bespoke tailor located at ?15 Savile Row in London. The acknowledged ‘Founders of Savile Row’ and creators of the Dinner Suit, the company has remained a family-run business since their establishment in 1806. They opened first in Brunswick Square, in 1806, originally specializing in military tailoring, with particular merit at the time of the Battle of Waterloo. Their business moved to Savile Row in 1846, following the death of founder James Poole.

Henry Poole ran the business until his death in 1876, and was succeeded by cousin Samuel Cundey, whose legacy continued, for five generations, to the present-day owners Angus Cundey and son Simon. In the two centuries, the tailors have enjoyed great success and endured extreme difficulties, but survive to this day as the typification of excellence in bespoke men’s tailoring. The company still holds many Royal Warrants, and services the Lord Chamberlain’s office with court dress, with their livery department even creating uniforms for the 200th anniversary of the Battle of Trafalgar. The company are also credited with the creation of the Dinner Suit.

The company makes regular visits to mainland Europe, the U.S. and other international locations, including Henry Poole outlets in Japan and now China. In 2006, the company celebrated their bicentennial with a refurbishment of their premises and 2007 saw a re-issue of a suiting material made famous by Winston Churchill, a Henry Poole customer who ordered his first suit 100 years ago.

Contents

1 The Tuxedo

2 Warrants

3 See also

4 References

5 External links

//


The Tuxedo

In 1860, Henry Poole made a short evening or smoking jacket for the Prince of Wales to wear at informal dinner parties at Sandringham. In 1886, a Mr. James Potter of Tuxedo Park, New York visited London and subsequently was invited by the Prince to spend a weekend at Sandringham. He was also advised that he could have a smoking jacket made by the Prince tailors, Henry Poole & Co.

When the Potters returned to New York, Mr. Potter proudly wore his new smoking jacket at the Tuxedo Park Club and fellow members soon started having copies made for themselves which they adopted as their informal uniform for club tag dinners. As a result, the dinner jacket became known as a Tuxedo or Tux in America.

Warrants

HIM The Emperor Napoleon III 1858

HRH The Prince of Wales 1863

HRH The Duke of Edinburgh 1868

HRH The Crown Prince of Prussia 1868

HM Queen Victoria 1869

HM The King of the Beligians 1869

HRH The Crown Prince of Denmark 1869

HRH The Prince of Teck 1870

HRH Prince Christian of Schleswigolstein 1870

The Khedive of Egypt 1870

HRH Prince Oscar of Sweden & Norway 1871

HM King Amadeus I of Spain 1871

HRH Prince Louis of Hesse 1871

HRH Crown Prince of Russia 1874

HIM The Emperor Pedro II of Brazil 1874

HIM Tsar Alexander II of Russia 1875

HM The King of Hellenes 1877

HRH The Crown Prince of Austria 1878

HM King Umberto I of Italy 1879

HIM Emperor Wilhelm I of Germany *

HIM Tsar Alexander III of Russia 1881

HG The Duke of Genoa 1891

HG Friedrich, Grossherzog of Baden 1891

HG The Duke of Aosta 1892

HRH Prince Emanuel of Savoie 1892

HIM The Shah of Persia *

HM The King of Denmark 1893

HM King Edward VII 1902

HRH Prince Albrecht of Prussia 1903

HH The Maharajah Gaekwar of Baroda 1905

HIM The Shah of Persia 1906

The Khedive of Egypt 1910

HM Queen Alexandra 1911

HRH The Prince of Wales 1922

The Imperial Household of Japan 1923

HM King George V 1928

HM The King of the Bulgarians 1936

HM King George VI 1940

HIM Emperor Haile Selassie 1959

HM Queen Elizabeth II 1976

See also

Savile Row

References

^ “The Henry Poole Story: The Tuxedo”. Henry Poole and Co.

Stephen Howarth: Henry Poole: Founders of Savile Row – The Making of a Legend. Godalming: Bene Factum, 2003. ISBN 978-1903071069

External links

Company web site

Historical background information

Categories: Shops in London | Retailers of the United Kingdom | Buildings and structures in Westminster | Clothing brands of the United Kingdom | Clothing retailers | Companies established in 1806(and so on)

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The Greatest Canadian Invention

Format

Documentary

Starring

See below

Narrated by

Bob McDonald

Country of origin

Canada

No. of episodes

1

Production

Executive producer(s)

Sue DandoJackie Carlos

Camera setup

Multiple-camera

Running time

~120 minutes

Broadcast

Original channel

CBC

First shown in

January 3, 2007

External links

Official website

The Greatest Canadian Invention is a television mini-series originally aired on CBC Television. It is a spiritual sequel to The Greatest Canadian. It began with people voting online which invention (out of 50) they considered the greatest Canadian invention. The show is a two-hour special, hosted by Bob McDonald (Quirks and Quarks), that premiered on January 3, 2007 at 8:00 EST.

Commentators

The 22 commentators for the show are:

Margaret Atwood – Writer and inventor of the LongPen

Buck 65 – Hip hop musician

Jackie Duffin – Medical History professor at Queen University

Will Ferguson – Author and Humourist

Danielle Goyette – Hockey player and Olympic gold medallist

Chris Hadfield – Astronaut

Mike Holmes – Home renovation specialist, TV host of Holmes on Homes

Mike Lazaridis – President of Research In Motion; inventor of the BlackBerry

Preston Manning – Trustee of the Manning Innovation Awards

Patrick McKenna – Comedian and actor

Miriam McDonald – Actress and star of Degrassi: The Next Generation’

Mitsou – Singer and CBC TV host

Steve Nash – Basketball player, 2 time NBA MVP

Kathryn Oara – Professor of Science Journalism at Carleton University

Abena Otchere – Science education advocate and medical student

Drew Hayden Taylor – Playwright and columnist

Debbie Travis – Home decoration specialist and TV host of Painted House

Vikram Vij – Chef/restaurateur and cookbook author

Michael Winter – Writer

Ronald Wright – Writer

Judy Cornish & Joyce Gunhouse (Comrags) – Women’s clothes fashion designers

Inventions

The inventions, in voted order, are:

Insulin

Telephone

Light Bulb

Five-pin bowling

Wonderbra

Artificial pacemaker

Robertson screw

Zipper

Electric Wheelchair

Poutine

Cobalt-60 omb Cancer Treatment

Java programming language

Bloody Caesar

Canadarm

Standard Time

Electron Microscope

Ski-Doo

BlackBerry

Radio Voice Transmission

Birch-Bark Canoe

Basketball

Retractable Beer Carton Handle

UV Degradable Plastics

Instant Replay

Goalie mask

Marquis Wheat

Pablum

Lacrosse

Electric Oven

Steam Fog Horn

Walkie-Talkie

Alkaline battery

Paint roller

Electronic Music Synthesizer

Weevac 6

Green Garbage Bag

Snowblower

Self-Propelled Combine Harvester

Instant mashed potatoes

Explosives Vapour Detector

Marine Screw Propeller

Plexiglas

Key Frame Animation

CPR-Mannequin: ctar 911

G-Suit

Ardox Spiral Nail

Automatic Lubricating Cup

Crash-Position Indicator

Caulking gun

Separable Baggage Check

External links

The Greatest Canadian Invention Homepage

Categories: 2006 in Canada | Greatest Nationals | Canadian reality television series | CBC network shows | Canadian television program stubs(and so on)

You can also see some feature products :

12 volt actuator
industrial ball valve
carbon steel valve
a c valve
api ball valve
bronze valve
pneumatic actuator valve
solenoid air valves
stainless strainers
liquid valve
three way valves
remote control valve
tire air valve
bronze valves
pneumatic valve actuators
lpg gas regulator
mixer valve
control actuator
pump check valve
toilet tank fill valve
valve electric actuator